Abstract
Background
Resistance to commonly used antimicrobials is a growing concern in both human and veterinary medicine. Understanding the temporal changes in the burden of the problem and identifying its determinants is important for guiding control efforts. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate temporal patterns and predictors of antimicrobial resistance among Staphylococcus spp. isolated from canine specimens submitted to the University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (UKVDL) between 1993 and 2009.
Methods
Retrospective data of 4,972 Staphylococcus isolates assessed for antimicrobial susceptibility using the disk diffusion method at the UKVDL between 1993 and 2009 were included in the study. Temporal trends were assessed for each antimicrobial using the Cochran-Armitage trend test. Logistic regression models were used to investigate predictors of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR).
Results
A total of 68.2% (3,388/4,972) Staphylococcus isolates were S. intermedius group (SIG), 18.2% (907/4,972) were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), 7.6% (375/4,972) were S. aureus, 5.8% (290/4,972) were S. hyicus, and S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans comprised 0.2% (12/4,972) of the isolates. The overall percentage of AMR and MDR were 77.2% and 25.6%, respectively. The highest levels of AMR were seen in CoNS (81.3%; 737/907), S. aureus (80.5%; 302/375), and SIG (77.6%; 2,629/3388). The lowest levels of AMR were observed in S. hyicus (57.9%; 168/290) and S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans (33.3%; 4/12). Overall, AMR and MDR showed significant (p < 0.001) decreasing temporal trends. Significant temporal trends (both increasing and decreasing) were observed among 12 of the 16 antimicrobials covering 6 of the 9 drug classes assessed. Thus, significant increasing temporal trends in resistance were observed to β-lactams (p < 0.001) (oxacillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cephalothin, and penicillin (p = 0.024)), aminoglycosides (p < 0.001) (gentamicin, and neomycin), bacitracin (p < 0.001), and enrofloxacin (p < 0.001). In contrast, sulfonamide (p < 0.001) (sulfadiazin) and tetracycline (p = 0.010) resistant isolates showed significant decreasing temporal trends in AMR. Staphylococcus spp., geographic region, and specimen source were significant predictors of both AMR and MDR.
Conclusions
Although not unexpected nor alarming, the high levels of AMR to a number of antimicrobial agents and the increasing temporal trends are concerning. Therefore, continued monitoring of AMR among Staphylococcus spp. is warranted. Future studies will need to identify local factors responsible for the observed geographic differences in risk of both AMR and MDR.
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
8-1-2018
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200719
Related Content
The data used in this study are third party data. The investigators do not have legal ownership of the research data and, therefore, do not have legal authority to share it. However, the data can be obtained by contacting the Director of the University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at the following address: 1490 Bull Lea Road, Lexington, KY 40512, USA; Tel 859-257-8283. The authors did not have special access privileges to the data and so other interested parties should be able to access the data in a similar way, upon request.
S1 Table. Resistance profiles of canine Staphylococcus specimens submitted to UKVDL1 from 1993–2009. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200719.s001 (DOCX)
Repository Citation
Conner, Julia G.; Smith, Jackie; Erol, Erdal; Locke, Stephan; Phillips, Erica; and Odoi, Agricola, "Temporal Trends and Predictors of Antimicrobial Resistance Among Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from Canine Specimens Submitted to a Diagnostic Laboratory" (2018). Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Faculty Publications. 5.
https://uknowledge.uky.edu/vdl_facpub/5
S1 Table. Resistance profiles of canine Staphylococcus specimens submitted to UKVDL1 from 1993–2009.
Included in
Chemicals and Drugs Commons, Immunology and Infectious Disease Commons, Microbiology Commons
Notes/Citation Information
Published in PLOS ONE, v. 13, no. 8, e0200719, p. 1-22.
© 2018 Conner et al.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.