Abstract

Ground corn and soybean meal are common ingredients in feed mixes. The knowledge of their mechanical properties is important to the feed manufacturer and consumer. Changes in these properties can lead to abnormally high or low levels of active ingredients in finished feed, thus decreasing its quality. Mechanical properties of wheat, corn meal, and soybean meal were investigated using a modified direct shear apparatus. The moisture content (wet basis), uncompacted bulk density, and particle density were: 10.4%, 733 kg/m3, and 1410 kg/m3 for soft red winter wheat; 11.4%, 583 kg/m3, and 1350 kg/m3 for soybean meal; and 11.7%, 595 kg/m3, and 1410 kg/m3 for corn meal, respectively. A relatively long sliding path of 60 mm was utilized in shear testing to account for the high compressibility of the materials and minimize boundary effects. The compressibility of the materials was determined at a maximum vertical pressure of 34.4 kPa, which caused a density increase of 21% for corn meal while the density of wheat and soybean meal increased by approximately 5%. Frictional properties were tested for seven levels of vertical consolidation pressures ranging from 4.1 to 20.7 kPa. The high compressibility of corn meal resulted in severe stick–slip behavior of the frictional force–displacement relationships. The angles of internal friction of wheat, soybean meal, and corn meal were found to be 26.3° ±0.3°, 33.9° ±0.9°, and 30.7° ±1.4°, respectively. Cohesion of soybean meal and corn meal was approximately 0.7 kPa without a clear relation to consolidation stress and approximately 0.3 kPa for wheat. With cohesion values lower than 4 kPa, all three materials should be treated as free–flowing in terms of Eurocode 1. Corn and soybean meals are known to cause flow problems in practice that were not confirmed during testing. In practical storage conditions, materials undergo a longer consolidation period. Our tests have shown that with processes that have a short duration and low consolidation pressures, these materials should be treated as free–flowing.

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

11-2002

Notes/Citation Information

Published in Transactions of the ASAE, v. 45, issue 6, p. 1929-1936.

© 2002 American Society of Agricultural Engineers

The copyright holder has granted the permission for posting the article here.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.11408

Funding Information

The authors wish to express their appreciation to the College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, for sponsoring Dr. Molenda’s visit to the Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Department, which made the research reported in this article possible. The part of the research performed in Poland was supported by the Polish Committee of Scientific Research under Grant No. 5 PO6F 021 17.

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