Author ORCID Identifier

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2068-8661

Date Available

7-30-2020

Year of Publication

2020

Degree Name

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Document Type

Doctoral Dissertation

College

Arts and Sciences

Department/School/Program

Chemistry

First Advisor

Dr. Kenneth Graham

Abstract

Halide perovskites have generated tremendous interest as low-cost semiconductors for optoelectronics, such as photovoltaics, lasers, and light emitting diodes due to their extraordinary optical and transport properties. Perovskite photovoltaics in particular have demonstrated a meteoric rise in power conversion efficiencies and drawn considerable interest as a next-generation solar energy technology. The rapid development has centered around lead-based derivatives, and concerns regarding the toxicity of lead has sparked interest in low toxicity and more environmentally friendly perovskite derivatives. In this regime tin (Sn) is regarded as a prominent alternative owing to the ideal bandgap and reduced toxicity exhibited by Sn-halide perovskites. Not without its own shortcomings, tin perovskites photovoltaics currently suffer from lower efficiencies and stability than their lead counterparts. Here, interfaces within the device are of upmost importance as the surface chemistry and energetics significantly impact the performance and stability of photovoltaic devices.

To investigate the interfacial energetics in tin perovskites low energy ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and low energy inverse photoelectron spectroscopy (IPES) systems were developed. For the former, a novel H Lyman-α vacuum ultraviolet photon source was introduced and characterized to show its ability to mitigate sample degradation and reduce background noise. Application of these systems to tin perovskites provided insight into the variation of reported ionization energies of neat films and revealed that both the inclusion of common additives and sustained air exposure, can play a considerable role on measured energetics. UPS, IPES, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were also employed to perform the first direct measurements of frontier electronic energy levels at the formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI3)/C60 interface. We observe band bending in both materials and transport gap widening in FASnI3 at the interface with C60. XPS results show that this is due, in part, to iodide migration from the perovskite into C60,which results in a distortion of the perovskite surface structure and n-doping of C60. To further probe surface/interfacial chemistry and energetics perovskite films were modified with small molecules. FASnI3 treated with carboxylic acids and bulky ammonium substituted surface ligands resulted in slight alterations of the interfacial energetics, which resulted in a more favorable energetic landscape and improved PV performance. Further, PV devices treated with a fluorinated carboxylic acid derivate showed greatly enhanced device stability. Finally, the ability of surface ligands to reduce iodide diffusion out of the perovskite layer was examined.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2020.372

Funding Information

U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, and the EPSCoR program, under Award No. DE-SC0018208. August 2017-August 2020.

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