Abstract

The paper proposes a generalized energy storage (GES) model for battery energy storage systems (BESS), electric water heaters (EWH) and heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. The analogies, including state of charge versus water temperature differential, are identified and explained, and models-in-the-loop (MIL) are introduced, which are compatible with the Energy Star and CTA-2045 general specifications and command types. Emphasis is placed on the proposed EWH model as it needfully fulfills a gap in present literature. The corresponding MIL has been implemented in the DER integration testbed, which was originally developed by EPRI, and satisfactorily validated against experimental results. A case study is included to illustrate that the daily “energy content” and “energy take” for BESS and EWH with mixing valve technology are comparable for typical residential ratings. The BESS, which requires more initial investment, has advantages in terms of flexibility for contributing to grid services, which are illustrated through a combined simulation and experimental study based on data collected from a field demonstration site with four smart homes.

Document Type

Conference Proceeding

Publication Date

10-2021

Notes/Citation Information

Published in Proceedings, IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and
Exposition.

© 2021 IEEE Copyright Notice. “Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.”

The document available for download is the authors’ manuscript version accepted for publication. The final published version is copyrighted by IEEE and available as: Gong H., Jones E. S., Jakaria A H M., Huque A., Renjit A., and Ionel D. M., “Generalized Energy Storage Model-In-the-Loop Suitable for Energy Star and CTA-2045 Control Types,” Proceedings, IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and
Exposition (ECCE), Vancouver, Canada, pp.1-5, Oct 2021.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE47101.2021.9595892

Funding Information

The support of the Department of Energy sponsored project DE-EE0009021 led by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is gratefully acknowledged. The support received by Mr. Evan S. Jones through a Department of Education GAANN Fellowship is also gratefully acknowledged.

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