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Abstract

Land use change threatens global biodiversity and compromises ecosystem functions, including pollination and food production. Reduced taxonomic α-diversity is often reported under land use change, yet the impacts could be different at larger spatial scales (i.e., γ-diversity), either due to reduced β-diversity amplifying diversity loss or increased β-diversity dampening diversity loss. Additionally, studies often focus on taxonomic diversity, while other important biodiversity components, including phylogenetic diversity, can exhibit differential responses. Here, we evaluated how agricultural and urban land use alters the taxonomic and phylogenetic α-, β-, and γ-diversity of an important pollinator taxon-bees. Using a multicontinental dataset of 3117 bee assemblages from 157 studies, we found that taxonomic α-diversity was reduced by 16%-18% in both agricultural and urban habitats relative to natural habitats. Phylogenetic α-diversity was decreased by 11%-12% in agricultural and urban habitats. Compared with natural habitats, taxonomic and phylogenetic β-diversity increased by 11% and 6% in urban habitats, respectively, but exhibited no systematic change in agricultural habitats. We detected a 22% decline in taxonomic γ-diversity and a 17% decline in phylogenetic γ-diversity in agricultural habitats, but γ-diversity of urban habitats was not significantly different from natural habitats. These findings highlight the threat of agricultural expansions to large-scale bee diversity due to systematic γ-diversity decline. In addition, while both urbanization and agriculture lead to consistent declines in α-diversity, their impacts on β- or γ-diversity vary, highlighting the need to study the effects of land use change at multiple scales.

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

1-3-2025

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70006

Funding Information

  • Israel Science Foundation. Grant Number: 919/09
  • Oakland University Provost Graduate Student Research Award
  • Western Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education. Grant Number: SW13-043
  • European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013). Grant Number: 244090
  • Mahidol University (Strategic Research Fund)
  • Thailand Research Fund. Grant Number: MRG6080124
  • Biodiversity Fund for Asia. Grant Numbers: BIFA5_005, BIFA6_009
  • European Union’s Horizon 2020 project “Safeguard”. Grant Number: 101003476
  • Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World
  • Secretaria nacional de Ciencia y Tecnology del gobierno de Guatemala
  • Israel Ministry of Agriculture. Grant Number: 824-0112-08
  • National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant Program
  • USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Grant Numbers: 2016-67019-25185, 2016-67032-24987
  • National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand
  • Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Grants. Grant Number: AGL2012-33736
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China. Grant Number: 41871186
  • USDA-NIFA Postdoctoral Fellowship. Grant Number: 2021-67012-35153
  • Formas. Grant Number: 229-2009-991
  • Fonds de Recherche Nature et Technologies Québec
  • UC San Diego Academic Senate Bridge Fund Grant. Grant Number: BIO088B
  • Foundation for Food and Agricultural Research New Innovator Award. Grant Number: 430876
  • FEDER (European Regional Development Funds)
  • Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. Grant Number: SWE-2009-134
  • Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
  • Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs. Grant Numbers: BO-11-011.01-011, KB-14-003-006
  • STEP Project
  • BMBF (German Federal Ministry of Education and Research) Framework Programme Research for Sustainable Development. Grant Numbers: 01LL0917A, 01LL0917D
  • National University of Tucumán, Argentina
  • National Geographic Society Young Explorer Grant. Grant Number: 9014-11
  • Mildred E. Mathias Graduate Student Research Grant
  • Irish Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Research Stimulus Fund
  • Jeanne Marie Messier Memorial Endowed Fund
  • Missouri Department of Conservation
  • Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture. Grant Number: 2821ABS002
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. Grant Numbers: 308358/2019-8, 465767/2014-1, 302934/2010-3, 305470/2013-2, 307625/2021-4, 407152/2013-0, 473454/2011-4, 141736/2020-8
  • CAPES (Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement). Grant Numbers: 88887.947041/2024-00, 88887.837988/2023-00, 88887.368784/2019-00
  • DIM Astréa
  • German Science Foundation. Grant Number: KL 1849⁄4-1
  • National Research Council of Argentina. Grant Number: PUE 023
  • R2DS
  • Grantová Agentura České Republiky. Grant Number: GAČR 20-31295S
  • Hong Kong General Research Fund. Grant Number: 17115119
  • DAAD (Germany Academic Exchange Service) Scholarhip
  • Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo. Grant Number: 2013/23457-6
  • SIGMA Xi Foundation. Grant Number: G20111015158245
  • Washington University in St. Louis
  • Tyson Research Center
  • Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation
  • Montana State University
  • Dirección General de Investigación de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala (Digi-USAC). Grant Number: 4.8.63.2.272012
  • National Science Foundation. Grant Numbers: 1256788, 20133168225, CAREER 1253197, DBI-0956388, DEB 0934376, DEB-1501566, DGE-1343012

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