Abstract
Early in the pandemic, slowing the spread of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) relied on non-pharmaceutical interventions. All U.S. states adopted social-distancing restrictions in March and April of 2020, though policies varied both in timing and scope. Compared to states with Democratic governors, those with Republican governors often adopted measures for shorter durations and with greater resistance from their residents. In Kentucky, an extremely close gubernatorial election immediately prior to the discovery of SARS-CoV-2 replaced a Republican incumbent with a Democrat, despite Republicans easily winning all other statewide races. This chance election result offers a unique opportunity to examine the impact of early social distancing policies in a relatively conservative, rural, white-working-class state. Our study begins by estimating an event-study model to link adoption of several common social distancing measures–public school closures, bans on large gatherings, closures of entertainment-related businesses such as restaurants, and shelter-in-place orders (SIPOs)–to the growth rate of cases across counties in the Midwest and South in the early stages of the pandemic. These policies combined to slow the daily growth rate of COVID-19 cases by 9 percentage points after 16 days, with SIPOs and entertainment establishment closures accounting for the entire effect. In order to obtain results with more direct applicability to Kentucky, we then estimate a model that interacts the policy variables with a “white working class” index characterized by political conservatism, rurality, and high percentages of white, evangelical Christian residents without college degrees. We find that the effectiveness of early social distancing measures decreased with higher values of this index. The results imply that the restrictions combined to slow the spread of COVID-19 by 12 percentage points per day in Kentucky’s two largest urban counties but had no statistically detectable effect across the rest of the state.
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
7-1-2021
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250152
Related Content
The data underlying this study are publicly available at: https://www.openicpsr.org/openicpsr/project/140481/version/V1/view
Repository Citation
Courtemanche, Charles J.; Garuccio, Joseph; Le, Anh; Pinkston, Joshua C.; and Yelowitz, Aaron, "Chance Elections, Social Distancing Restrictions, and KENTUCKY's Early COVID-19 Experience" (2021). Economics Faculty Publications. 12.
https://uknowledge.uky.edu/economics_facpub/12
Notes/Citation Information
Published in PLOS ONE, v. 16, issue 7, e0250152.
© 2021 Courtemanche et al.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.