Abstract
Electron bifurcation is the coupling of exergonic and endergonic redox reactions to simultaneously generate (or utilize) low- and high-potential electrons. It is the third recognized form of energy conservation in biology and was recently described for select electron-transferring flavoproteins (Etfs). Etfs are flavin-containing heterodimers best known for donating electrons derived from fatty acid and amino acid oxidation to an electron transfer respiratory chain via Etf-quinone oxidoreductase. Canonical examples contain a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that is involved in electron transfer, as well as a non-redox-active AMP. However, Etfs demonstrated to bifurcate electrons contain a second FAD in place of the AMP. To expand our understanding of the functional variety and metabolic significance of Etfs and to identify amino acid sequence motifs that potentially enable electron bifurcation, we compiled 1,314 Etf protein sequences from genome sequence databases and subjected them to informatic and structural analyses. Etfs were identified in diverse archaea and bacteria, and they clustered into five distinct well-supported groups, based on their amino acid sequences. Gene neighborhood analyses indicated that these Etf group designations largely correspond to putative differences in functionality. Etfs with the demonstrated ability to bifurcate were found to form one group, suggesting that distinct conserved amino acid sequence motifs enable this capability. Indeed, structural modeling and sequence alignments revealed that identifying residues occur in the NADH- and FAD-binding regions of bifurcating Etfs. Collectively, a new classification scheme for Etf proteins that delineates putative bifurcating versus nonbifurcating members is presented and suggests that Etf-mediated bifurcation is associated with surprisingly diverse enzymes.
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
11-2017
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00440-17
Funding Information
This work was supported as part of the Biological Electron Transfer and Catalysis Energy Frontier Research Center, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, under award DE-SC0012518.
Related Content
Supplemental material for this article may be found at https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00440-17.
Repository Citation
Garcia Costas, Amaya M.; Poudel, Saroj; Miller, Anne-Frances; Schut, Gerrit J.; Ledbetter, Rhesa N.; Fixen, Kathryn R.; Seefeldt, Lance C.; Adams, Michael W. W.; Harwood, Caroline S.; Boyd, Eric S.; and Peters, John W., "Defining Electron Bifurcation in the Electron-Transferring Flavoprotein Family" (2017). Chemistry Faculty Publications. 102.
https://uknowledge.uky.edu/chemistry_facpub/102
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Bacteriology Commons, Biochemical Phenomena, Metabolism, and Nutrition Commons, Biochemistry Commons, Enzymes and Coenzymes Commons
Notes/Citation Information
Published in Journal of Bacteriology, v. 199, issue 21, e00440-17, p. 1-14.
Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
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