Abstract
Background: Sexual and gender minority youth frequently experience bullying, which often contributes to higher depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem. Given that physical activity (PA) can mitigate depressive symptoms and improve self-esteem, we examined the moderating effect of PA on the relationship between bullying and mental health among sexual and gender minority youth.
Methods: Data from the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer National Teen Survey (n = 9890) were analyzed. Hierarchical regression analyses examined the influence of history and frequency of being bullied, PA, and the interaction of these variables on depressive symptoms and self-esteem. Simple slopes analyses were used to probe significant interactions.
Results: Results indicated the importance of accounting for bullying history when examining effects of PA on mental health. PA was negatively related to depression (t = -4.18, p < 0.001) and positively related to self-esteem (t = 12.11, p < 0.001). Bullying frequency was positively related to depression (t = 19.35, p < 0.001) and negatively related to self-esteem (t = -12.46, p < 0.001). There was a significant interaction between bullying frequency and PA for depression (t = 4.45, p < 0.001) and self-esteem (t = -4.69, p < 0.001). Post hoc analyses suggested that the positive effects of PA on mental health may be limited to those not bullied because it had a negligible effect on those who were bullied.
Conclusion: Results suggest that sexual and gender minority youth exercise interventions aiming to improve mental health should first address bullying history; otherwise, their effectiveness may be limited to those who have been bullied.
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
1-2023
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.11.013
Funding Information
This work was supported through funding by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (Grant No. K01DA047918) awarded to Ryan J. Watson.
Repository Citation
Kirklewski, Sally J.; Watson, Ryan J.; and Lauckner, Carolyn, "The moderating effect of physical activity on the relationship between bullying and mental health among sexual and gender minority youth" (2023). Behavioral Science Faculty Publications. 89.
https://uknowledge.uky.edu/behavsci_facpub/89
Notes/Citation Information
2095-2546/© 2023 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)